Tag Archives: grammar

The Job I Love & the Job I Lust

I love my 8-to-5. Seriously! I work at one of the coolest companies in California, and my coworkers are hilarious, genuine, brilliant people. I’ve been nothing short than excited and thrilled to be going steady with my job (even though it didn’t get me flowers or chocolate on our recent anniversary). I can’t believe how lucky I am to be 23 and recently graduated with such a great place to work every weekday.

Photo by Andy Sutterfield

Photo by Andy Sutterfield

But I’m having an affair on the side.

It started with wandering eyes; a dangling participle would catch my gaze and pique my interest, a misplaced comma could so easily distract and entice me. Editing has always been my passion and, without my fix, I start to go into withdrawal. My obsession with grammar was born from my love of organization, mathematics, and rules—the sheer act of breaking down something as complex and nebulous as language and literature practically makes my mouth water. It’s like math with words!

When I started my day job, however, I was not tasked with meticulously grooming the text in a document but rather shaping its look and feel instead. This focus on document design has taught me so much in the areas of layout and graphic design (an area I’d previously only dabbled in, buried somewhere in an elective I took for my degree). But while my design skills flourished, my editing chops lagged, and I found myself missing semicolons and subordinate clauses.

And then I found the UNDERenlightened.

Our editor-in-chief, Anastasia, recently published an article chronicling our pitfalls and successes since we started operating UE a year ago. She was a complete stranger to me back then: a friend-of-a-friend who was cashing in enough favors to get an idea off the ground. I emailed her and set up a phone interview, eventually signing away my evenings and weekends in order to get a hit of that sweet, sweet grammar.

My original commitment of editing one article a week instantly exploded when I stepped up to managing editor at the beginning of this year. Our editing team dwindled to two: I edited every article twice, with Anastasia doing a final read before posting. Thankfully, our staff is expanding once again (though we always love more help).

It’s a lot of work and even more time, but teaching myself the professional skills that I want is a priceless opportunity. I’ve maintained and improved my concrete skills: I haven’t forgotten the important bits from my grammar courses though I still have my textbooks handy (I wish the same could be said for my French minor), I’m developing my ability to edit for tone and content, and Anastasia has guilted me into writing more articles than I ever would have volunteered. I’ve also discovered some invaluable resources: for example, the Chicago Manual of Style allows a free trial, which is quote/unquote unlimited (as long as you don’t mind making tons of fake email addresses—I’ll pay for a real subscription eventually, I swear!).

When my friends complain about their struggle to find fulfillment at work, I ask them why they don’t just make opportunity for themselves. However, I realize how tough that can be. I have to remind myself that my schedule is not for everyone: it is literally a job on top of a job. But if you’re committed to learning a new craft, I believe that you will make the time, even if you’re not a self-admitted workaholic like I am.

I’m incredibly lucky to have this outlet for my passions. I have the benefit of a day job that supports me enough to devote my evenings and weekends to editing. I even have family, friends, and strangers on the Internet who help this blog run, allowing me to fulfill my personal interests.

For now, I get to keep both the job I lust and the job I love. It’s exasperating sometimes, but it leaves me energized and optimistic for the future. I am confident that I can sow the seeds of personal development now, and reap the rewards of a grammar-filled 8-to-5 at a great company later.

Grammar 101

The first step in understanding grammar is realizing punctuation does not make English work all by itself. Clarity comes from the structure of the sentence; punctuation just acts as the signage to make the roadway safer. To know where to put all those yield signs and stop lights, one must first understand how to break down a sentence.

Sentence Structure

We’ve all heard the words noun, verb, adjective, and object. But you may not have spared a thought for your sentence structure in over a decade!

Sentence structure centers on the action, just like a novel centers on the climax. If you can locate the verb (the action) of the sentence, you’re doing pretty well:

The highly sophisticated man hesitated to buy more champagne.

Wait, “hesitated” is a verb, but isn’t “to buy” also a verb? True, but since “to buy” is does not agree with the subject, we know it’s not the main action verb of the sentence. “Buying” is not what happened; what happened was the man “hesitating.”

In this example, “to buy” is a noun (the object of the sentence) and “to buy more champagne” is the full noun phrase. “Man” is also a noun in the full noun phrase, “the highly sophisticated man.”

A full noun phrase includes smaller units (articles, like “the,” and adjectives, like “highly sophisticated”). “Highly sophisticated” is a compound adjective composed of an adverb and an adjective. Many different combinations exist for compound adjectives; to better understand them we need to talk a bit about hyphens.

Hyphens

Hyphens are great for connecting words to achieve more precise meanings:

the “miniature dog competition” or

the “miniature-dog competition”

In the first example, we have a miniature competition for dogs; in the second, we have a competition for miniature dogs. The hyphen tells us that “miniature” modifies “dog,” making a compound adjective that modifies “competition.”

Compound adjectives come in different combinations that require hyphens, and here are just a few examples:

  • Adverb & Adjective (requires a hyphen, unless ending in –ly): well-known businesswoman or highly sophisticated man
  • Noun & Adjective (requires a hyphen): waste-free container or wild-goose chase
  • Noun & Noun (requires a hyphen): Blue-green eyes or Salt-and-pepper hair
  • Noun & Verb (requires a hyphen): Mind-blowing hypothesis

En-Dashes vs. Em-Dashes

En-dashes (–) work as super-duper hyphens: they can create compound adjectives by connecting other compounds, dates, times, etc.:

  • White House–like mansion
  • United Kingdom–United States relations
  • 1856–1943
  • 7:30–8:45

However, unlike hyphens and en-dashes, em-dashes () work to connect parts of a sentence instead of words.  Em-dashes are one of three punctuation options for parentheticals: commas, em-dashes, and parentheses. (More on parentheticals below.)

Visually these dashes can be deceiving but they are actually each different lengths. The hyphen is a short dash, while the en-dash is the length of a capital N and the em-dash is the length of a capital M. Since typewriters wrote in a monospaced typeface (like the font “Courier”), en-dashes and em-dashes were mimicked by using two hyphens in a row. Because of this tradition of typing, word processors on computers (like Microsoft Word) will translate two hyphens and automatically replace them with the en-dash and em-dash characters.

  • Between two words, type a space, two hyphens, and a space to create an en-dash
  • Between two words, type two hyphens without spaces to create an em-dash

Your word processor will replace the punctuation as you continue typing your sentence.

Parentheticals (Parentheses vs. Commas vs. Em-Dashes)

Parentheticals in sentences are like asides in a play: they’re inserted when you have extra information that the audience needs, even though the information doesn’t explicitly affect the action.

In the examples below, the sentence still centers on the action: what is being done (“hesitating to buy champagne”) and who is doing it (“the highly sophisticated man”).  All other information is extraneous, and it should be set apart in parentheticals.

The three types of parenthetical punctuation determine whether your actors will whisper, speak, or shout the aside.

Parentheses: “whispering,” or suppressing the information.

The highly sophisticated man hesitated to buy more champagne (even though it was on sale).

Commas: “speaking,” or providing no emphasis on the information.

The highly sophisticated man, because it was an unfamiliar brand, hesitated to buy more champagne.

Em-dashes: “shouting,” or drawing attention to the information.

The highly sophisticated man—who recently lost his fortune—hesitated to buy more champagne.

But what happens if we relocate the parenthetical in the second example?

The highly sophisticated man hesitated to buy more champagne, because it was an unfamiliar brand.

Because it was an unfamiliar brand, the highly sophisticated man hesitated to buy more champagne.

Oh, no!  “Because” at the beginning of a sentence!? Don’t worry: it’s okay! The entire parenthetical is acting as an introductory phrase, which is totally legit. (I promise that your elementary school teacher isn’t going to come after you in your sleep tonight.) Notice that there is only one comma in each of these sentences. This is because commas and en-dashes do not need to come in pairs the way parentheses do: think of them like bookends, which can hold up a stack of books against a wall to the left or right.

Terminal Punctuation in Parentheticals

One final punctuation tip: terminal punctuation (periods, exclamation points, and question marks) sometimes go within parentheses and sometimes don’t. So how do you know where to put them?

A terminal punctuation mark will go on the outside when it applies to a larger sentence, but when an entire sentence is enclosed in parentheses, the punctuation will stay with its sentence.

An easy way to figure it out is to locate your verb: if the verb is inside, so is the period; if the verb is outside, the period is too.

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Photo by Meaghan Morrison